6th World Congress on
Surgery and Anaesthesia

Orthopedic surgeons focus on the musculoskeletal system, addressing issues related to bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. They treat fractures, perform joint replacements, and manage conditions like arthritis and sports injuries, helping patients regain mobility and reduce pain.

1. Joint Replacement Surgery
2. Sports Medicine
3. Spine Surgery
4. Hand Surgery

Cardiovascular surgeons specialize in procedures related to the heart and blood vessels. They perform surgeries such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), heart valve repairs or replacements, and aortic aneurysm repairs to treat various heart and vascular diseases.

1. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
2. Valve Replacement Surgery
3. Aortic Aneurysm Repair
4. Transplantation Surgery

Neurosurgeons are trained to treat disorders of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. They perform intricate procedures like brain tumor removal, spinal fusion, and treat conditions such as epilepsy and Parkinson's disease.

1. Brain Surgery
2. Spinal Surgery
3. Neurovascular Surgery
4. Pediatric Neurosurgery
5. Functional Neurosurgery

Plastic surgeons enhance or restore a person's appearance, often focusing on cosmetic procedures like facelifts and breast augmentation. They also perform reconstructive surgeries to repair defects caused by trauma, congenital conditions, or cancer.

1. Brain Surgery
2. Spinal Surgery
3. Neurovascular Surgery
4. Pediatric Neurosurgery
5. Functional Neurosurgery

Gynecological surgeons specialize in procedures related to the female reproductive system. They perform surgeries like hysterectomies, ovarian cyst removal, and treat conditions such as endometriosis and uterine fibroids.

1. Hysterectomy
2. Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery (MIGS)
3. Gynecologic Oncology Surgery
4. Urogynecologic Surgery
5. Fertility Surgery

Ophthalmic surgeons work on the eyes, performing surgeries to correct vision problems (e.g., cataract surgery) and treat eye diseases like glaucoma or retinal detachment.

1. Hysterectomy
2. Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery (MIGS)
3. Gynecologic Oncology Surgery
4. Urogynecologic Surgery
5. Fertility Surgery

Urological surgeons focus on the urinary tract and male reproductive system. They treat conditions like kidney stones, urinary incontinence, and perform surgeries such as prostatectomy and bladder reconstruction.

1. Prostate Surgery
2. Kidney Stone Surgery
3. Bladder Surgery
4. Urologic Oncology Surgery

Paediatric surgeons specialize in treating surgical conditions in children, from newborns to adolescents. They address a wide range of pediatric surgical needs, including neonatal surgery, congenital anomalies, and childhood trauma. Their expertise ensures safe and effective surgical care for young patients.

1. Neonatal Surgery
2. Pediatric Urology
3. Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery
4. Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
5. Pediatric General Surgery

General anesthesia is a medical procedure that induces a state of unconsciousness and loss of sensation throughout the entire body. It is commonly used for surgeries and medical procedures to ensure the patient feels no pain and is unaware of their surroundings. General anesthesia involves the administration of various medications, including anesthetics and muscle relaxants, through intravenous or inhaled methods.

1. Induction and Maintenance of General Anesthesia
2. Pharmacology of General Anesthetic Agents
3. Airway Management in General Anesthesia
4. Anesthetic Depth Monitoring
5. Recovery from General Anesthesia

Regional anesthesia involves the numbing of a specific area of the body, such as a limb or a section of the spine, to block sensation and pain during surgical or medical procedures. This type of anesthesia is particularly beneficial because it allows patients to remain conscious and aware while avoiding the sensation of pain in the targeted area.

1. Types of Regional Anesthesia (e.g., Epidural, Spinal, Peripheral Nerve Blocks)
2. Techniques and Procedures for Regional Anesthesia
3. Complications and Side Effects of Regional Anesthesia
4. Local Anesthetics in Regional Anesthesia

Anaesthesia monitoring is the continuous observation and assessment of a patient's vital signs and physiological parameters during surgery or medical procedures under anesthesia. It ensures the patient's safety by monitoring parameters like heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen levels, and more, to detect and address any abnormalities promptly.

1. Vital Sign Monitoring (e.g., Blood Pressure, Heart Rate)
2. Pulse Oximetry and Capnography
3. Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring
4. Neuromuscular Monitoring
5. Depth of Anesthesia Monitoring (e.g., BIS)

Anaesthesia complications encompass adverse events or issues that may arise during or after anaesthesia administration. These complications can include allergic reactions, respiratory problems, and rare but serious conditions like malignant hyperthermia. Anesthesiologists are trained to manage and mitigate these complications to ensure patient safety.

1. Anesthesia Awareness
2. Perioperative Hypotension
3. Malignant Hyperthermia
4. Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV)
5. Anaphylactic Reactions to Anesthetic Agents

Paediatric anaesthesia is a specialized field that focuses on providing safe and effective anesthesia care to infants and children. Paediatric patients have unique physiological and psychological considerations, and specialized techniques and dosages are required to ensure their comfort and safety during medical procedures.

1. Paediatric Airway Management
2. Anaesthetic Considerations in Pediatric Surgery
3. Age-Appropriate Anesthetic Agents
4. Paediatric Anaesthesia Complications
5. Pediatric Pain Management

Obstetric anaesthesia is specifically tailored for pregnant women during labor and delivery. It aims to manage pain, facilitate medical interventions like cesarean sections, and ensure the well-being of both the mother and the unborn child during childbirth.

1. Epidural and Spinal Anesthesia for Labor and Delivery
2. Anesthetic Considerations in Cesarean Section
3. Analgesia and Anesthesia for Labor Pain
4. Complications in Obstetric Anesthesia
5. Anesthetic Management in High-Risk Pregnancies

This field involves adapting anaesthesia techniques for individuals with specific medical conditions or characteristics, such as geriatric patients, those with chronic diseases, or individuals with disabilities. Customized anaesthesia plans are designed to address the unique needs and risks of these populations.

1. Physical disabilities
2. Intellectual disabilities
3. Fear/Anxiety
4. Individuals requiring extensive procedures

Anaesthetic agents are medications used to induce and maintain anaesthesia during surgical procedures. These agents can be classified into various categories, including inhalational aesthetics, intravenous anaesthetics, and neuromuscular blocking agents. Anaesthesiologists carefully select and administer these agents to achieve the desired level of anaesthesia while minimizing side effects and complications.

1. Inhalation Anesthetics (e.g., Isoflurane, Sevoflurane)
2. Intravenous Anesthetics (e.g., Propofol, Ketamine)
3. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
4. Analgesic Agents in Anesthesia
5. Reversal Agents for Anesthesia